50 pages • 1 hour read
Colson WhiteheadA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Three years later, Ray has moved his family to a better neighborhood. Following the collapse of Duke’s bank, his in-laws have moved three times and faced financial difficulty. At a family meal, Leland and Alma complain about the recent protests and riots in the city. Ray excuses himself from the meal and walks to his store, taking in the signs of destruction around Harlem. Buildings were burned and cars destroyed after a “white cop shot an unarmed black boy three times” (194). Ray spent the night of the riots guarding his store with a baseball bat. Ray thinks ahead to his meeting with Mr. Gibbs, the sales representative from Bella Fontaine, a large furniture retailer; he wants to become the company’s first African American dealer. He worries that the riots will be a problem for Mr. Gibbs.
Ray stays after closing time to work on a newspaper advertisement for the store. Freddie arrives unexpectedly, looking thinner than ever and clutching a leather briefcase to his chest. He spins a long tale about how he was accidently swept up in the protest and how the protest turned into a riot. Then, he and Linus laid low for a few days and got high. Freddie explains that the briefcase contains stolen goods, something he and Linus stole together. He needs Ray to “sit on” it for a few days as the victims of the crime are now angry. Despite the sense of dread he feels, Ray agrees. As he places the briefcase in his safe, Freddie warns Ray not to open it.
The next day, Ray plans to visit a department store to research Bella Fontaine furniture ahead of his meeting with Mr. Gibbs. As he walks to the station, a man approaches from behind and grabs him by the arm. Ray is forced into a car and taken to a meeting with Chink Montague. For the past five years, Ray has paid protection money to Montague and fenced a large amount of stolen goods on his behalf. Montague was engaged in a turf was with his old mentor, Bumpy Johnson. Both men were backed by a different branch of the Italian mafia, turning their gang dispute into “a proxy war over Harlem’s rackets” (205). Now, a truce has been called and Harlem’s crime divided up between the two men.
Ray meets Montague in the back office of a rundown launderette. Ray agrees that their partnership has been profitable, but Montague wants to talk about Freddie. Ray lies, claiming not to have seen his cousin in months. As Ray leaves the meeting, Montague’s henchman Delroy warns him that the matter is very serious. Afterwards, Ray searches for Freddie in the apartment where he is holed up with Linus. Freddie is not in the apartment, but Ray discovers Linus’s dead body. He realizes the young man died from a drug overdose.
The image of Linus’s corpse lingers in Ray’s mind. He cannot sleep, even though he has the meeting with Mr. Gibbs the next day. Elizabeth consoles him; her professional success means that Ray can now afford to give up the illegal side of his business. The next day, Ray begins his meeting well, but he is interrupted by two policemen who want to talk about “a death that occurred last night uptown” (216). Mr. Gibbs is horrified and leaves quickly. The police officers quiz Ray about Freddie and Linus; Ray feigns ignorance as he hides his rage. The officers explain that Linus’s wealthy family makes his death a priority, so they want to talk to Freddie. One of the officers asks Ray to reserve a sculpture until payday. After they leave, Ray calls to leave a message at Mr. Gibbs’s hotel, but he doubts he will ever hear from the sales representative ever again.
The portrait of Wilfred Duke was removed from the Dumas Club in the wake of his scandal. Duke is still missing, along with the money he stole. In the three years since, the Dumas Club has opened its doors to more members, including Ray. Pierce, now president of the club, he meets Ray for a drink. Pierce is helping the legal team representing the boy shot by the police. He launches into a familiar impassioned complaint about the injustice in the city. Ray asks Pierce about Linus’s family, and Pierce explains that they are wealthy, powerful, and unafraid to use violence to protect themselves.
Ray examines the briefcase Freddie left in his safe. The briefcase is embossed with Linus’s initials. Once Ray breaks open the small lock, he finds personal papers and “the biggest cut emerald” (224) he has ever seen, set in a necklace. Aunt Millie called him in the early hours of the morning because her house was robbed while she worked a night shift. The house had been ransacked by someone searching in every possible hiding place. Ray assured his aunt that he heard nothing untoward about Freddie. Given the value of the emerald necklace and the people involved, Ray knows that he is terribly implicated in his cousin’s problems. He places his employees on paid leave and closes the store, blaming the riots for his temporary unavailability.
After closing his shop, Ray runs into Detective Munson, accompanying the policeman as he rides around collecting bribes from local businesses. Munson apologizes for not blocking the detectives who interrupted Ray’s meeting with Mr. Gibbs. He blames the riots but explains that the wealth and power of Linus’s family mean that the police are under a huge amount of pressure to solve the case. When Ray returns to his store, he finds Freddie inside waiting for him.
Freddie recounts his recent experiences. By his account, Linus came up with the idea to steal the necklace. After being arrested alongside Biz Dixon, Freddie turned to Linus to bail him out of jail, and the two grew close, spending weeks and then months in a drug-induced stupor funded by Linus’s family wealth. The pair was separated for a brief time when Linus’s family pressured him into visiting a rehabilitation facility and Freddie tried to improve his life by working regular jobs.
When Freddie ran into Linus again, they resumed their old ways and were soon living together, injecting heroin every day. After spending winter in St. Augustine, Linus told Freddie about the plan to rob his parents. On the night of the riots, they stole the necklace from the Van Wyck residence. As they took the necklace from the safe, however, Linus’s father interrupted them. Linus fought his father, pushed him into a chair, and then escaped with Freddie and the necklace. They hid from the police and Van Wyck’s henchmen in the rundown hotel and left the briefcase with Ray. One morning, Freddie went out for breakfast. He returned to find that Linus had overdosed. Ray speculates whether someone might have killed Linus and made his death look like an overdose. Freddie dismisses the idea. He needs to leave town. Ray turns to Pepper for help.
These chapters play out amid the context of the real-life 1964 killing of James Powell and the weeklong riot that followed. The events leading up to the riot began when a property superintendent, while shouting racial epithets, sprayed water from a hose at a group of Black youths sitting on his building’s stoop. Joined by 15-year-old James Powell, the youths began throwing bottles at the superintendent. Powell pursued the superintendent into the building but left two minutes later without causing any harm to the superintendent. When Powell exited the building, an off-duty police officer shot Powell three times, killing him. For six nights, Harlemites took to the streets to protest, many of them participating in property damage, looting, and attacks on police officers. The police responded with severe beatings and arrests. Ultimately, 465 were arrested, 118 injured, and one dead.
Ray’s attitude toward the riot is influenced by his status as a business owner whose property is under threat of vandals and looters. As such, he does not have a great deal of sympathy toward the demonstrators despite their shared racial grievances. This is yet another example in Whitehead’s book of how capitalism can reinforce existing inequities while trumping attempts to correct them.
Meanwhile, Ray’s journey with Munson is an eye-opening moment. Although he has lived in Harlem for his whole life, he is shocked that so many illicit businesses are operating out of seemingly innocent storefronts. The moment is not shocking to Ray because he abhors the crime. Rather, he is shocked because he is wrestling with his own naiveté. As a person who operates exactly this kind of business, he foolishly considered himself unique. Ray thought that he was operating in such secrecy and with such careful precision that he eluded the attention of the community by his wits and skills. As Ray is shown, however, he is not unique. He is not particularly skilled in this respect, as so many other businesses are able to do the same thing. Ray was once deluded enough to think that he was once of the most careful and most intelligent criminals in Harlem. A short car ride with a policeman is all that is needed to show him how deluded and foolish he has been.
Part 3 represents another increase in the scale of the opposition to Ray’s ambitions. Just as he expands his furniture and crime businesses, he comes into contact with more powerful opponents. The main antagonist of Part 1 is Miami Joe, the main antagonist of Part 2 is Wilfred Duke, and the main antagonist of Part 3 is Ambrose Van Wyck. The scale of the antagonists escalates from street hoodlum and thief to influential community leader to one of the richest men in the city. At each step, the threat of violence posed by the antagonist increases in accordance with the adversary’s material resources. The more money a person possesses, the less they need to worry about legal ramifications. Furthermore, the escalation of antagonists reveals where the real power lies in New York. While Harlem is something of a self-contained community, the powerful figures were always the lighter-skinned members of the Dumas Club such as Wilfred Duke. Accordingly, the real power that exists outside of Harlem and which imposes itself on Harlem is exclusively the domain of White people. Duke may seem powerful, but he cannot compare to the White men who run New York City. The arrival of Ambrose Van Wyck as the main protagonist of the final part of the book is an illustration that, for all of Ray’s struggles in the African American community, White people retain control of the segregated and racist society of the era.
Linus’s friendship with Freddie is a mutually beneficial partnership which ends in tragedy. To Freddie, Linus is a fellow burnout who allows him to indulge his hedonistic side. After occasional attempts to build a better life for himself, Freddie always reverts to drugs and crime. He feels embarrassed that he cannot measure up to his cousin’s achievements, either in legitimate or illegitimate business ventures. As such, Linus does not remind Freddie of his failures. Like Freddie, Linus is the least successful member of his family, and they empathize with one another by indulging their need to get high. Drugs allow them to forget their insecurities and their responsibilities, providing them with a short-term—if unrewarding—objective. For Linus, Freddie is a way to rebel against his father. Ambrose Van Wyck is an elderly, powerful, racist White man who abhors his son. He views Linus as a complete failure and Linus returns his hatred. By partnering with Freddie, Linus can taunt his father by challenging his father’s racism. While there is a genuine friendship between the two men, Linus and Freddie both take advantage of one another. Freddie enjoys Linus’s company while also spending Linus’s money, while Linus appreciates Freddie’s support while also using Freddie’s race to anger his father. Their symbiotic relationship is too complicated and too built on insecurities to end in anything other than tragedy.
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